Paper
Outline for 158.729 Social-technical System Design and Evaluation
Paper
Number and Title: 158.729: Social-technical System Design and Evaluation
Credits Value: 15 Semester: S2 This page at http://brianwhitworth.com/158729/
Campus:
Paper Coordinator: Brian Whitworth
Quad Building A, room 2.03,
with Office Hours Friday 3pm onwards, or by appointment, email is b.whitworth@massey.ac.nz
Other Contributing Staff:
None
Aim:
To introduce students
to social-technical systems (STS), including the principles of their Analysis,
Design and Evaluation.
Text: The
Handbook of Socio-technical Design and Social Networking
Calendar Prescription:
This course is designed to help students
planning research in the design and evaluation of socio-technical systems. It is
founded on the premise that one must understand social requirements to
design, implement or operate socio-technical system, i.e. human-centred
computing. Such systems could be web-based, but include any multi-user
application where people interact and affect each other online, including
social-network systems, online game worlds and communities of practice. The
course will help students develop a research design for an experimental or
qualitative study, or carry out a theoretical review, or develop an application.
Learning Outcomes:
Modern information systems are no longer simply
“technologies”. Social-technical systems
are computer technologies that also enable social interaction of any type,
whether conversation (email), group discussion (chat), joint editing (wiki),
trade (electronic markets like E-bay), online learning systems (WebCT or
Blackboard) or social networking systems like MySpace. Such systems, in fields
like health, education and the community, raise new challenges in design and
evaluation. They require a multi-disciplinary approach that combines social and
technical knowledge in innovative ways. A student who successfully completes
this paper will be able to:
1.
Critically
read and understand research and knowledge on social theories and principles
that affect information systems architecture and design.
2.
Use
online resources, such as the ACM digital library, to investigate in detail the
latest research in an approved area of their choice relevant to this subject.
3.
Understand
practically the many different types of online social-technical systems, and
relate their differences in human goals to the success or failure of their
technical design.
4.
Major Project. Design and implement a research plan, conduct a theoretical review or
develop an example system, as follows:
a)
Theory Review. A theoretical review of an agreed aspect of the design of
socio-technical systems to the level of a conference paper
b)
Research plan. Design a potential research experiment, and present the design as a paper,
with sample results and analysis
c)
Example system. An applied project to design and implement a working section of a
socio-technical system that demonstrates desirable features
The course steps students through firstly reading and summarizing STS
research, then critically reviewing it, then a practical evaluation and finally
to developing a theoretical STS design proposal, and STS research plan, or an
actual STS system.
Prerequisite(s): none
Corequisite(s): none
Restrictions: no restrictions
Assessment: Course assessment (subject to modification) is broken
down as follows:
|
Assessment |
Allocation |
Graded Out Of |
|
Assignment 1. |
10% |
10 |
|
Assignment 2. |
15% |
15 |
|
Assignment 3. |
25% |
100 |
|
Assignment 4. |
50% |
100 |
|
TOTAL |
100% |
|
Written material:
a. Loose material is not acceptable. Do not submit assignments with
expensive bindings, as you may have to come to get them back. Your work is not judged
by its cover. A single staple in the top left corner is satisfactory for most
printed work.
b. ALL WRITTEN WORK MUST BE SPELL CHECKED. Bad spelling indicates
carelessness or ignorance, and spell checking is easy to do.
For any assignment, work that is unstapled loses 5%. Any spelling error
found that could have been detected by a spell checker will result in an
automatic deduction of 5% out of 100% from the final grade.
All assignments submitted for this course originate in computer form.
Students must retain a copy on their own computer of all material
submitted, as backup in case something happens to their submitted work. By
submitting any material to this course for assessment, the student authorizes
instructors to retain a copy of that material for grading and teaching.
Instructors may reference a part of that material, or parts of it, given the
student involved is anonymous, for the purpose of instructing other students,
and for their learning benefit.
Deadlines
and Penalties: Assignments must be done professionally and submitted
on time. Being on time is part of being professional. Plan to
complete assignments with this in mind. If you leave things until the last moment,
you are predictably vulnerable to the unexpected. All assignments due in class
(see Timetable) are due at the beginning of the stated class period. For assessments that
involve specific events, like project progress presentations and the final presentation,
no “late” or “redo” is possible, as part of the desired learning experience is
that event. For the final project, the time deadline for submission is very tight, so each working day late
will reduce the points graded out of by 10, and projects submitted more than two days late will not be accepted,
except under exceptional circumstances. Other assignments lose 10% for each
working day late, and will not be accepted at all after five days (over one
working week late).
Requirements
to Pass the Paper: All of the course assessments must be
attempted. Also note that failure to complete any of these requirements will
lead to a DNC unless covered by the Aegrotat Regulations.
Learning Programme and Schedule: The student will be led through a process of study
that begins with simple readings and ends with a major project. However the
level will be postgraduate, and so students are expected to study independently
at the requisite level.
E-learning
Category: Web supported through the syllabus and other
materials available at http://brianwhitworth.com/158729/
Conditions
for
Conditions
for Impaired Performance: If
you consider that your performance in, or preparation for, an examination, or
another compulsory assessment element that occurs at a fixed time and place,
has been seriously impaired by illness, injury or a serious crisis, you may
apply for an impaired performance consideration. You must apply on the form available from the
Examinations Office, the Student Health Service or the Student Counselling
Service.
Student
Time Budget: Information
Systems Project is a 15-credit paper. That equates to 12.5 hours of work per
week for a 15-week semester, or the equivalent of over 4 weeks of full-time
work (187 hours).
Textbook
and Other Resources:
There is
no required text as the subject is so new. However readings are provided throughout the course for students to
download and read.
·
The writing format required is as described in the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition). This
"research writers Bible" offers practical information about the
structure of research articles, grammar and punctuation guidelines, how to
properly cite and reference outside sources, and much more. Students for whom
English is a second language will benefit from many of the language guidelines
specified in the APA Manual. The final written project report must
comply with APA style as described in the APA Manual.
·
For a journal article: Spark, J. S., Glow, J. P. and
Twinkle, L., (1994). APA format for journal articles. Management Science,
28(10), 1187-1197.
For a book: Spark, J. S., Glow, J. P.and Twinkle, L., (1994), APA Format
For Books,
For a web site: give originator, URL and date viewed
In the text use "(author, date)",
then list all citations in alphabetical order by author at the end of the
assignment
Timetable
Wednesday, 1.00 -
3pm in IIMS Lab 3
Note: There is a lot of stuff
because that is the nature of the subject. You need to pick an area to focus on.
|
Week |
Date |
Topic |
Assignments/Readings |
|
1 |
|
Introduction
to Socio-technical Systems |
Read: The Social Requirements
of Technical Systems and be prepared to discuss in class next week |
|
2. |
|
A.
General STS Theory, STS Handbook I/II. A1. Why people use social methods Lesson slides |
|
|
3. |
|
A2 HCI vs
STS, individual vs community |
Research: Generating agreement |
|
4. |
|
A3. Guest Lecture:
Lornie Enggong, E-Government Students present and discuss. |
Asg 2 Begins |
|
5. |
|
B.
STS Analysis and Design, STS
Handbook III/IV B1. Legitimacy Requirement Lesson slides |
Read: Legitimate by design Example: Channel email |
|
6. |
|
B2. Social Requirements Lesson slides |
Asg 3. Begins |
|
|
25 Aug |
EASTER/MIDTERM |
|
|
7. |
|
B3. Guest Lecture: Jinging Li , Social
Bookmarks Students present and
discuss |
Asg 1B due.
|
|
8. |
|
C.
STS Implementation and Evaluation. C1. Evaluation Criteria Lesson slides |
Asg 3: Due, Asg
4. Begins Read: Web of Performance |
|
|
|
C2. Social Synergy Lesson
slides |
|
|
10. |
|
C3. Guest Lecture: TingTing Zhang , Social Rights Students present
and discuss |
|
|
11. |
|
Student presentation(s) Asg 4 |
|
|
12. |
|
Lesson F. Course wrap up and any final presentations |
|
Note: Students will not necessarily study all the papers provided, but are
expected to read the papers relevant to their chosen topic area. Guidance will
be provided throughout the course on what is and is not relevant if this is not
clear initially.
Plagiarism:
As
part of your report print a cover sheet with your name, due date, submit date,
title, and the following statement of academic integrity:
"I
declare that this research study is entirely the product of my own work and
that it has not been taken from the work of others. When the work and ideas of
others have been used in the study, the work has been properly cited in the
text.", and then sign it below. An electronic
copy of your final report may be submitted to turnitin.com to evaluate the
report for plagiarised content.
Grievance
Procedures: A
student who claims that he/she has sustained academic disadvantage as a result
of the actions of a University staff member should use the University Grievance
Procedures. Students, whenever practicable, should in the first instance
approach the University staff member concerned. If the grievance is unresolved
with the staff member concerned, the student should then contact the
Links
to socio-technical systems: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Groupware
IS Theories: http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
Microsoft social computing: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/groups/scg/
Social Informatics and papers: http://rkcsi.indiana.edu/archive/CSI/
Information Technology Issues: http://home.earthlink.net/~inforef/techglob.htm#SOCIALIMPACTS
Shirky, C. Group as User: Flaming and
the Design of Social Software. http://www.shirky.com/writings/group_user.html
(2004)
Spolsky, J. It’s not just usability. http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/NotJustUsability.html
(2004)
Vander
Wal, T. Social Software Design for One. http://www.slideshare.net/vanderwal/math-of-social-software-in-designing-social-software-for-one.
DCampSouth,
Polite
computing: Cooper, A. & Reimann, R. About Face 2.0: The Essentials of
Interaction Design.
Academia
& Internet: http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail1864.html
on http://connotea.org/ and http://network.nature.com/
Creative Commons http://creativecommons.org/ , accessed
31 January 2008
Policy and the Internet http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/
We need a new Internet? http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/weekinreview/15markoff.html
Open journal systems, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Journal_Systems
Preprint servers http://precedings.nature.com/
The Creative Commons http://creativecommons.org/
Public Library of Science: http://www.plos.org/oa/index.html
Computing Research Repository: http://arxiv.org/corr/
CogPrints
(http://cogsci.soton.ac.uk) in the
cognitive sciences
Biomedicine
PubMed http://www.nih.gov/welcome/director/pubmedcentral/pubmedcentral.htm
Multi-media
education MERLOT http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm
BlogHUD http://bloghud.com/
, accessed 31 January 2008
Collating blogs http://technorati.com/
Blogiversity http://www.blogiversity.org/
Tiddlywiki
http://www.tiddlywiki.com/
Survey Monkey http://www.surveymonkey.com/Home_Landing.aspx
Free software The Free Software Definition
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)
Volunteerism? http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=250169
An open access paper http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1894964
Computing Research Association: http://www.cra.org/
Email Spam issues http://www.slate.com/id/2074042/
Sites that invite user input, e.g.
Sharkbait http://www.computerworld.com/index.jsp
Social bookmarks and tags:
Delicious http://del.icio.us/
Digg http://digg.com/
Wikis
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki
Tiddlywiki http://www.tiddlywiki.com/
Social networks
Myspace http://www.myspace.com/
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/sitetour/homepage.php
Youtube http://youtube.com/
Electronic markets
Amazon )books) http://www.amazon.com/
Monster (jobs) http://www.monster.com/
E bay http://www.ebay.com/
Craig’s list http://www.craigslist.org/about/sites.html
Discussions
Slashdot http://slashdot.org/
Hardware Reviews http://www.anandtech.com/
Electronic
learning
WebCT (now Blackboard) http://www.webct.com/webct/
Moodle http://moodle.org/
Webboard http://www.webboard.com/
Blogs
and Newsfeeds
Andrew Sullivan http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/
Chinese NZ news http://www.skykiwi.com/
Software
Browsers/email - Mozilla http://www.mozilla.org/
Winzip http://www.vodahost.com/winzip.htm
Antivirus – AVG http://free.grisoft.com/doc/2/
Emails
Gmail https://mail.google.com/
Free
storage
Mediamax http://www.mediamax.com/
Flickr (photo sharing) http://www.flickr.com/
Online
banking/investing
Kiwibank http://www.kiwibank.co.nz/
Active Worlds www.activeworlds.com/ ,
Croquet www.opencroquet.org ,
Harvard’s Rivercity Project http://muve.gse.harvard.edu/rivercityproject
,
IT.net
Blog http://itnet-sl.blogspot.com/ ,
Maya http://usa.autodesk.com
,
Omidyar Network http://home.omidyar.net/ ,
Second Life www.secondlife.com ,
Second Life Profiles www.slprofiles.com/ ,
Snapzilla http://sluniverse.com/pics/ ,
Techsoup www.techsoup.org/ ,
There www.there.com/
,
Better World http://slurl.com/secondlife/Better%20World/128/128/0
,
Creative Commons http://slurl.com/secondlife/Kula%204/147/87/25
,
ElvenGlen http://slurl.com/secondlife/ElvenGlen/128/128/0
,
IBM http://slurl.com/secondlife/IBM/128/128/0
,
ITnet - LIC - D.I.Co. – UniMi http://slurl.com/secondlife/pesca/87/81/29
Neualtenburg,
Altenburg http://slurl.com/secondlife/Funadama/101/156/33
Omidyar http://slurl.com/secondlife/Omidyar/128/128/0
Techsoup.com, http://slurl.com/secondlife/Plush%20Nonprofit%20Commons/86/94/26
,
Some
Web Design Tips
Navigation:
·
http://www.merges.net/theory/20010604.html
Additional
Information and Advice:
“Socio-technical” combines social theory and technical
practice, e.g. theories from but not limited to the FIRST LIST below and
application(s) from but not limited to the SECOND LIST:
FIRST LIST: Some Social/psychological Theory
Perspectives
-
Active knowledge systems
- Anthropological models
- Applied pragmatics
- Archeological and history models
- Collaborative working environments
- Communication and meaning theory
- Community informatics
- Contextual theory models
- Criminal and social justice theories
- E-business, E-government, E-politics, E-health etc. perspectives
- Educational/learning theory - Game theory
- HCI theory, human sensory processing and recognition models
- Interpersonal relationship models
- IT design models, and IT quality evaluation
- Language/action theory
- Leadership theories
- Media choice theories
- Negotiation and conflict models - Open source theories
- Organizational communication modeling
- Political models, theories of social rights and obligations
- Pragmatic web theory
- Semantic modeling
- Small group theory
- Sociological models and social philosophy
- General systems theory
- Technology appropriation theory
- Technology acceptance or social diffusion theories
- ANY OTHER SOCIAL THEORY
SECOND LIST: Possible Technology Application
Areas
-- Information Management Systems:
Browsers, Search engines, ListServs, Web-crawlers, Portals
-- Human Expression Systems: Home
pages, Virtual museum/art gallery,Online music
publishing, Online books/journals, E-zines, Blogs, Online news
-- Interpersonal Relation Systems:
Email, Internet phone (e.g. Skype),Video-phone and
conferencing, Instant messages, Chat, Social networking, texting
-- Group Interaction Systems: Wikis, Bulletin boards, Group writing systems,
Collaborative tools, Commenting systems, Online voting, E-governance, Online
leadership, Online norms, Communities of Action, Group membership systems,
Online democracy, Communities of Practice, Online multi-player games, Online
cooperatives
-- Trade and Business Systems:
Electronic markets, Recommender systems, Enterprise information systems, Job
markets, Work flow systems, Web-bots (buyer/sellers), End-user license
agreements (EULA),Online barter systems, RFID systems.
-- Health Support Systems: Diagnostic
support systems, Patient record systems, Out-patient support systems, Patient
empowerment systems
-- Learning Support Systems: Online
learning systems, Asynchronous Learning Systems, E-learning practices, Help
agents, Video teaching, FAQ's and Help-boards, Training and tutorial systems
-- Anti-social systems: Spyware, Phone-home systems, Spam, Unwanted software
installs, Spoofing, Phishing, Identity theft, Hacking
tools
Some
references
· Berners-Lee, T. (2000). Weaving The Web: The original design and
ultimate destiny of the world wide web.
· Raymond, E. S. (1997). The Cathedral and the Bazaar.
http://tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.
· Tenner, E. (1997). Why Things Bite Back. New York: Vintage Books, Random
House.
· Wheatley, K. L., & Flexner, W. A. (1991). The pitfalls of portability
... or ... Why more is not better. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the
24th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
· Lessig, L., 2000. Cyberspace's constitution, In: Lecture given at the
American
· Agre, P. E. (2001). Changing places: Contexts of awareness in computing.
Human-Computer Interaction, 16. http://www1.ics.uci.edu/~jpd/NonTradUI/SpecialIssue/agre.pdf
· Jones Q., Ravid G., and Rafaeli S., 2002,
Mass Interaction, Information Overload and Computer Mediated Communication
Tools. Submitted to Information Systems Research.
· Jones, Q., & Whitworth, B. (2002). Initial
thoughts on a different kind of space: Measuring architectures and discourse
coherence. Paper presented at the Computer Human Interaction Discourse
Architectures Workshop,
· Ackerman, M. S. (2000). The intellectual challenge of CSCW: The gap
between social requirements and technical feasibility. Human Computer Interaction,
15, 179-203.
· Erickson, T., & Kellog, W. (2000). Social translucence: An approach
to designing systems that support social processes. ACM Transactions on
Computer-Human Interaction, 7(1, March), 59-83.
· Geen, R. G., & Gange, J. J. (1983). Social facilitation: Drive
theory and beyond. In A. P. V. K. M. D. H. H. Blumberg; Hare (Ed.), Small
Groups and Social Interaction (Vol. 1, pp. 141-153).
· Friedman, B., Howe, D. C., & Felten, E. (2002). Informed Consent
in the Mozilla Browser: Implementing Value-Sensitive Design. Paper
presented at the Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences,
· George, J. F. (1996). Computer-based monitoring: Common perceptions and
empirical results. MIS Quarterly, December, 459-480.
· Stefik, M. (1997). Trusted systems. Scientific American, March,
78.
· Turoff, M. (1991). Computer-mediated communication requirements for
group support. Journal of Organizational Computing, 1, 85-113.
· Bales, R. F. (1950). “A set of categories for the analysis of small
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· Hogg, M. A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness,
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· Hackman, J. R. and C. Morris (1983). "Group tasks, group
interaction process, and group performance effectiveness" In: Small
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Davis, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 1: 311-345
· Grudin, J. (1994). “Groupware and social dynamics: Eight challenges for
developers.” Communications of the ACM, Jan, 37(1), 93-105.
· Lee, A. S. (1994). “Electronic mail as a medium for rich communication:
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Information Systems Quarterly(Jun), 143-157.
· Lea, M. (1991). “Rationalist assumptions in cross-media comparisons of
computer-mediated communication.” Behaviour and Information Technology, 10(2),
153-172.
· McGrath, J. E. (1991). “Time, interaction and performance (TIP): A
theory of groups.” Small Group Research, 22
·
Nunamaker, J. F., A. R. Dennis, J. S. Valacich, D. R. Vogel and J. F. George
(1991, July). “Electronic meeting systems to support group work.”
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·
Pinsonneault, A., Barki, H., Gallupe, R. B. & Hoppen, N. (1999). Electronic
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· Reid, F. J. M., V. Malinek, C. J. T. Stott and J. S. B. T. Evans (1996).
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39(8), 1017-1037.
·
Carlson, J. R. & Zmud, R. W. (1999). Channel expansion theory and the
experiential nature of media richness perceptions.
·
Benbasat,
· Dennis, A. R. and J. S. Valacich (1999). "Rethinking Media
Richness: Towards a Theory of Media Synchronicity". Proceedings of the
32nd
·
Daft, R. L., R. H. Lengel and L. K. Trevino (1987). “Message equivocality,
media selection, and manager performance: Implications for information
systems.” Management Information Systems Quarterly(Sep), 354-366.
·
DeSanctis, G., M. S. Poole, G. W. Dickson and B. M. Jackson (1993). “Interpretive
analysis of team use of group technologies.” Journal of Organizational
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· Malone, T. W. (1989). Coordination Theory. Conference on Organisational
Computing, Coordination, and Collaboration,
·
Postmes, T. & Spears, R. (1998). Deindividuation and antinormative
behaviour: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 123(3), 1-22
·
Hoffman, L. R. & Maier, N. R. F. (1964).
·
Fjermestad, J. & Hiltz, R. (1999a). An assessment of group support systems
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· Huang, W., Wei, K. K., Watson, R. T., Lim, L. H. & Bostrom, R.
(1996). Transforming a lean CMC medium into a rich one: an empirical
investigation in small groups. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference
on Information Systems(Dec), 265-276.
·
Valacich, J. S., Dennis, A. R. & Nunamaker, J. F. (1992). group size and
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· Gutek, B. A. (1990). Work group structure and information technology: A
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·
Lea, M. & Spears, R. (1991). Computer-mediated communication,
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· Rice, R. (1999). Artifacts and paradoxes in new media. New Media and
Society, 1(1), 24-32.
·
Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma.
·
Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). Communication modes and
task performance, The Social Psychology of Telecommunications (pp.
77-89): John Wiley and Sons
· Panko, R. R. and S. T. Kinney (1992). "Dyadic organizational
communication: Is the dyad different?". Proceedings of the 25th Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai,
·
Walther, J. B. (1995). “Relational aspects of computer mediated communication:
Experimental observations over time in computer-mediated interaction.”
Organization Science, Mar, 6(2), 186-203.
·
Nagasundaram, M. & Wagner, G. R. (1992). Ambiguity in human communication
and the design of computer-mediated communication systems. Paper presented at
the Proceedings of the 25th Hawaii International Conference on the System
Sciences,
·
Gabarro, J. J. (1990). The development of working relationships. In J. G. R. K.
C. Egido (Ed.), Intellectual Teamwork ( 79-110).
· Adrianson, L., & Hjelmquist, E. (1999). Group processes in solving
two problems: face-to-face and computer-mediated communication. Behaviour and
Information Technology, 18(3), 179-198.
·
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An Integrative Model
of Organizational Trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
·
Spears, R. and M. Lea (1992). "Social influence and the influence of the
'social' in computer-mediated communication" In: Contexts of
Computer Mediated Commmunication. M. Lea. Hemel Hampstead, Harvester
Wheatsheaf: 30-65.
· Stasser, G. and W. Titus (1985). “Pooling of unshared information in
group decision making: Biased information sampling during discussion.” Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1467-1478
·
Whitworth, B. and R. J. McQueen (1999). "Voting before discussing:
Computer voting as social communication". Proceedings of the 32nd
·
Whitworth, B., Gallupe, B. & McQueen, R. (2001). Generating agreement in
computer-mediated groups. Small Group Research, 32(5), 621-661.
·
Sia, C., Tan, C. Y. & Wei, K. K. (1996, Dec 16-18). Will distributed GSS
groups make more extreme decisions? An empirical study. Paper presented at the
Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Information Systems,
·
Weisband, S. P. (1992). Discussion and first advocacy effects in
computer-mediated and face-to-face decision making groups. Organizational
behavior and human decision processes, 53, 352-380.
· Roth, A.E. and X. Xing "Jumping the Gun:
Imperfections and Institutions Related to the Timing of Market
Transactions", American Economic Review 84 (1994), 992-1044.