After confirming dark matter, in 1998 astronomers discovered that the expansion of space, once thought to be slowing down due to gravity, is actually accelerating. Some sort of negative force is pushing the universe apart against the gravity that pulls it together, so it was called dark energy. Cosmologists estimate that 68% of the matter-energy of the universe is dark, and dark matter is 27%, so particle matter is less than 5%. It seems that even if the standard model could explain ordinary matter, which it doesn’t, it still can’t explain most of our universe.
Dark energy seems to be spread evenly through space and has changed little over time. In equations, it makes space flat, but a property of space itself should increase as space expands, which it doesn’t. If particles cause it, it should weaken as space expands, but again it doesn’t. Particles would clump together by gravity, not remain evenly spread, so they can’t explain dark energy.
In this model, our space is the inner surface of a hyper-sphere bubble expanding into a quantum bulk. It is like the surface of a balloon being blown up, but with three dimensions. Expanding space must then lose energy, just as blowing up a ballon cools the gas within it. Points add to space everywhere all the time and being new, they receive but don’t transmit for their first cycle, giving a negative energy that has the properties of dark energy. It is spread through space because new points add everywhere, it doesn’t dilute as space expands because more space increases it, and it could be why the expansion of our universe is accelerating.
A negative energy throughout space is expected for a bubble universe expanding but for a big machine it is inexplicable. Dark energy will never be explained by particles if its cause is outside our universe.