This model explains why charge accompanies matter and why neutrinos accompany electrons, but there is yet another property of our world that the standard model records but doesn’t explain. Dirac’s equations predicted anti-matter before it was found, but why do matter entities have evil twins of the same mass but opposite charge? The standard model added an anti-matter column to fit the facts, but that matter has an inverse is one of the most baffling findings of physics. If matter is a substance, then what is its anti-substance? And why do the two instantly annihilate each other?
Again, processing can explain what particles can’t. To recap, mass as a process overload that repeats implies the processing remainder that is charge. An electron as a head-head photon collision implies the head-tail collision that is a neutrino. Likewise, that matter arises from processing one way implies that the same processing can run in reverse. In particular, if a fundamental process sets a clockwise circle of values, the same values can be set in an anti-clockwise direction. Essentially, processing implies anti-processing, but what does that mean?
For light, if we assume a clockwise process, a photon first goes up on the surface of our space and then goes down. In contrast, if we assume an anti-clockwise process, the photon will first go down and then go up. This then implies two types of photons, namely first-up and first-down, and they are not equivalent.
For an electron, we have so far assumed it is made of first-up photons, that run a clockwise process, but what if this process was reversed? The result will be the same amount of net processing, or mass, but an opposite remainder charge, as observed for an anti-electron. An anti-electron has the same mass as an electron but a positive charge, so it can be an electron processing in reverse. This model then not only predicts anti-electrons, but also that they will annihilate any electrons they meet. Anti-matter then is to matter as neutrinos are to electrons – a necessary byproduct.
Figure 4.6 summarizes the basic leptons by their photon structure, as follows:
1. Matter. First-up extreme photons collide to give either an:
i. Electron (Figure 4.6a) First-up heads collide to give mass and a negative charge remainder.
ii. Neutrino (Figure 4.6b) First-up heads mostly cancel first-down tails to give a tiny mass but no charge remainder.
2. Anti-matter. First-down extreme photons collide to give either an:
i. Anti-electron (Figure 4.6c) First-down heads collide to give mass and a positive charge remainder.
ii. Anti-neutrino (Figure 4.6d) First-down heads mostly cancel first-down tails to give a tiny mass but no charge remainder.
All the basic leptons of the standard model then arise from the same photon structure.