A processing model explains why charge exists as well as mass, and why neutrinos exist as well as electrons, but what about anti-matter? Dirac’s equations predicted anti-matter before it was found, but why do the building blocks of our universe have evil twins of the same mass but opposite charge? The standard model just added an anti-matter column to fit the facts but that matter has an inverse is baffling to particle physics. If matter is a substance, what is an anti-substance, and why do the two annihilate each other?
Again, processing can explain what particles can’t. If matter arises from processing one way, that same processing can run in reverse. The basic quantum network operation was assumed to be a clockwise circle of values, but an anti-clockwise circle would have worked just as well. Essentially, processing allows the possibility of anti-processing, and this is proposed to be anti-matter.
For light, a clockwise process means photons go first up then down on the surface of space, but an anti-clockwise process means they go first down then up. This allows two types of photons, namely first-up and first-down, and they aren’t equivalent. The model so far assumes a universe of first-up photons but it didn’t have to be so.
What then would a universe based on anti-clockwise processing look like? For an electron, the result would have the same net processing or mass, but an opposite remainder charge, hence an anti-electron has the same mass as an electron but a positive charge. This then not only predicts anti-electrons, but also explains why they annihilate any electrons they meet. Anti-matter then is to matter as neutrinos are to electrons, a necessary alternative possibility.
Figure 4.6 summarizes the basic leptons of the standard model by their photon structure as follows:
1. Matter. First-up extreme photons collide to give either an:
i. Electron (Figure 4.6a) First-up heads collide to give mass and a negative charge remainder.
ii. Neutrino (Figure 4.6b) First-up heads mostly cancel first-down tails to give a tiny mass but no charge remainder.
2. Anti-matter. First-down extreme photons collide to give either an:
i. Anti-electron (Figure 4.6c) First-down heads collide to give mass and a positive charge remainder.
ii. Anti-neutrino (Figure 4.6d) First-down heads mostly cancel first-down tails to give a tiny mass but no charge remainder.
All the basic leptons of the standard model then have the structure of a one dimensional collision.