As for an electron two-way collision, a three-way collision has photon head-tail phase options. Again, a tail-tail-tail meet isn’t possible as it implies a prior head-head-head event, so the options are:
1. Head-head-head. Three sets of photon heads meeting at equal angles in a point will allocate processing equally, so each axis is only partly filled. There are free channels that let other entities in so the result isn’t stable at all.
2. Head-tail-tail. In this case, two photon rays leave the point as another arrives, as shown in Figure 4.10a, and this is proposed to be an up quark.
3. Head-head-tail. In this case, one ray is leaving the point as the other two arrive, as shown in Figure 4.10b, and this is proposed to be a down quark.
Figure 4.10 shows the proposed up and down quark structures. Photons compete for channels on a first-come-first-served basis, so the order that they meet is important. If a photon head entering a point meets a photon tail leaving it, the tail must have started before the head, or it would be a head, so tails are expected to fill channels first. Given this, Table 4.3 gives the results as before but for three axes in a plane, each fills at two-thirds not one. In this analysis, if the total processing fills the axis bandwidth it is stable, the net processing is mass, and the net remainder is charge.
The details are:
1. Up quark. If two extreme photon rays leave the point as another arrives, the tails first fill one axis, giving a plus two-thirds charge remainder on what can be called its charge axis. The remaining tail photons with later arriving heads then fill a neutral axis, as the remainders cancel. The last photons then partly to fill a third free axis to a sixth of its two-thirds capacity. The result has a two-thirds charge, and is stable on two axes, but one axis isn’t full.
2. Down quark. If one ray is leaving a node as the other two arrive, the tails and heads first fill a neutral axis, as the remainders cancel. Then the heads and the remaining tails fill a charge axis, with a minus third charge left over. This again leaves a third free axis partly filled to a sixth instead of two thirds. The result has a minus third charge, and is stable on two axes, but one axis isn’t full.
This result gives the correct third charges for quarks, which no other model does. The standard model allocates one-third charges to quarks after the fact but this model derives them. It predicts that quarks occupy a point like leptons but only fill two of the three collision axes of a plane.
The three-axis structure of quarks is then:
1. Charge axis. Fills with charge of +⅔ for an up quark, and -⅓ for a down quark.
2. Neutral axis. Fills with no charge as heads and tails cancel with no remainder.
3. Free axis. Remaining one sixth of head photons partly fills this axis.
Figure 4.11 shows the proposed quark structure. Note that the axes are at 60° even though the photons meet at 120° because quarks are head-tail mixes, so some rays are leaving as others arrive.
The proposed structure isn’t fully stable but we know that quarks can’t exist alone. Filling two of three axes makes them semi-stable, and quarks in a group can be stable, as they are, as it can provide a stable exterior. Yet quarks are fully stable in a nucleus, so they must fill all the channels of a plane or the model fails. Physics calls the link between quarks the strong force.