As for the lepton collision, a three-way collision has phase options that can be expressed in photon head-tail terms. Again, a tail-tail-tail meet isn’t possible as it implies a prior head-head-head event. The phase options are:
1. Head-head-head. Three sets of photon heads meeting at equal angles in a point will allocate processing equally, so each axis is only partly filled. There are free channels that let other entities in, so the result isn’t stable.
2. Head-tail-tail. In this case, two photon rays leave the point as another arrives, as shown in Figure 4.10a, and this is proposed to be an up quark.
3. Head-head-tail. In this case, one ray is leaving the point as the other two arrive, as shown in Figure 4.10b, and this is proposed to be a down quark.
Figure 4.10 shows the proposed up and down quark structures. Photons compete for channels on a first-come-first-served basis, so a three-way meeting raises the issue of interaction order. If a photon head entering a node meets a photon tail leaving it, the tail must have started before the head, or it would be a head, giving the rule that tails fill channels first. Using this rule, Table 4.3 gives the expected axis bandwidth result as before, but now there are three axes not one, and each fills at two-thirds not one. Again, the total processing defines axis stability, the mass is the net processing, and the charge is the net remainder.
The details are:
1. Up quark. If two extreme photon rays leave the point as another arrives, the tails first fill axis 1, giving a plus two-thirds charge remainder on what can be called its charge axis. The remaining tail photons then combine with later arriving heads to fill a neutral axis, as the remainders cancel. The remaining head photons then partly to fill the third free axis to a sixth of its two-thirds maximum. The result has a two-thirds charge, and is stable on two axes, but the third axis isn’t filled.
2. Down quark. If one ray is leaving a node as the other two arrive, the tail photons first cancel opposing heads to fill a neutral axis, as the remainders cancel. Then the heads and the remaining tails fill a charge axis, with a minus third charge left over. This again leaves a third free axis partly filled to a sixth instead of two thirds. The result has a minus third charge, and is again stable on two axes, but again the third axis isn’t filled.
This result is interesting because it gives the correct third charges for quarks, which no other model does. The standard model allocates one-third charges to quarks after the fact, but this model derives them from photons. It predicts that quarks occupy one node like leptons but only fill two of the three collision axes.
To sum up, the three-axis structure derived for quarks is:
1. Charge axis. Fills with charge of +⅔ for an up quark, and -⅓ for a down quark.
2. Neutral axis. Fills with no charge as heads and tails cancel with no remainder.
3. Free axis. Remaining one sixth of head photons partly fills this axis.
Figure 4.11 summarizes the proposed quark axis structure. Note that the axes are at 60° even though the photons meet at 120° because quarks are head-tail mixes, and so some rays are leaving as others arrive.
The quark structure proposed isn’t stable, but this fits the fact that quarks never exist alone. And their symmetric structure may allow a group of them maintain an exterior of stable axes. Yet quarks are stable in a nucleus, so they must somehow link to fill all the channels of a plane, or the model fails. Physics calls the link between quarks the strong force.