As for an electron collision, a three-way collision has head-tail phase options. Again, a tail-tail-tail meet isn’t possible as it implies a prior head-head-head event, so the options are:
1. Head-head-head. Three sets of photon heads meeting at equal angles in a point will allocate processing equally, so each axis is only partly filled. There are free channels that let other entities in so the result isn’t stable at all.
2. Head-tail-tail. In this case, two photon rays leave the point as another arrives, as shown in Figure 4.10a, and this could be an up quark.
3. Head-head-tail. In this case, one ray is leaving the point as the other two arrive, as shown in Figure 4.10b, and this could be a down quark.
Figure 4.10 shows the proposed up and down quark structures. Photons compete for channels on a first-come-first-served basis, so the order they meet is important. If a photon head entering a point meets a photon tail leaving it, the tail must have started before the head, or it would be a head, so tails are expected to fill channels first. Given this, Table 4.3 gives the results for three axes in a plane, where each fills at two-thirds not one. In this analysis, if the processing fills the axis bandwidth it is stable, the net processing is mass, and the net remainder is charge.
The details are:
1. Up quark. If two extreme photon rays leave the point as another arrives, the tails first fill one axis, giving a plus two-thirds charge remainder on what can be called its charge axis. The remaining tail photons with later arriving heads then fill a neutral axis, as the remainders cancel. The last photons then partly to fill a third free axis to a sixth of its two-thirds capacity. The result has a two-thirds charge, and is stable on two axes, but not the third.
2. Down quark. If one ray is leaving a node as the other two arrive, the tails and heads first fill a neutral axis, as the remainders cancel. Then the heads and the remaining tails fill a charge axis, with a minus third charge left over. This again leaves a third free axis partly filled to a sixth instead of two thirds. The result has a minus third charge, and is stable on two axes, but but not the third.
This structure derives the correct third charges for quarks, which other models don’t, as the standard model just allocates quark charges after the fact. Quarks then exist at a point like electrons, but occupy the channels of a plane not a line. In Figure 4.11, the three quark axes are:
1. Charge axis. Fills with charge of +⅔ for an up quark, and -⅓ for a down quark.
2. Neutral axis. Fills with no charge as heads and tails cancel with no remainder.
3. Free axis. Remaining one sixth of head photons partly fills this axis.
Note the photons meet at 120° but the quark axes are at 60° because as head-tail mixes, some rays are leaving as others arrive.
This structure isn’t fully stable so quarks can’t exist alone, but filling two of three axes makes them semi-stable. Quarks can then be stable in a group, as they are, if it presents a stable exterior. Yet quarks are fully stable in a nucleus, so they must fill all the channels of a plane or again the model fails. Physics calls the link between quarks the strong force.