In Table 4.1, electrons, quarks, and neutrinos have family generations, each like the last but heavier. An electron has a muon elder brother of the same charge but two hundred times heavier, and a tau eldest brother that is three and a half thousand times heavier. Up and down quarks also have heavier charm and strange quarks, and massive top and bottom quarks, but again after three generations, no more. The standard model describes these generations but doesn’t explain:
1. Why do family generations occur?
2. Why are there only three generations, then no more?
3. Why are higher generations so heavy?
The matter structures proposed suggests why electrons, neutrinos, and quarks have family generations. If an electron fills the channels of one axis, a muon could be the same on two axes, and a taon on three (Figure 4.26). All are still point entities, and no more generations occur because space only has three dimensions. The photons of an electron fill all the channels of an axis on two quantum dimensions, as light rays can polarize two orthogonal ways. Adding another photon collision at right angles will be the same, so the photons of a muon compete for channels, giving interference that accounts for its increased mass. A taon as three sets of photons colliding on three axes at right angles creates even more interference, so it is massive because interference can cumulate, just as one traffic delay can cause another. In this family, each adds more interference so it is heavier than the last, and there are only three members because space has three dimensions.
But if a muon is an electron collision doubled, why doesn’t it have a minus two charge? It does, but we can only measure charge one axis at a time, and after each measurement the system resets. On any one axis, a muon’s charge is minus one because the other remainder occupies an orthogonal dimension. A processing model then suggests that the three family generations of electrons reflect the three dimensions of space, and neutrinos will be the same.
For quarks, the situation is more complex, as their photons collide in a plane, not one axis, so one can’t just repeat the quark structure in three dimensions. However, the tail-tail-head planar triangle of an up quark could form a charm quark pyramid, whose every side presents an up-quark’s charge but with more mass by interference. A tail-head-head down quark could likewise form a strange quark pyramid. Top and bottom quarks could then fill the channels of a point with two up and down quark planes at right angles, with again more mass by interference.
In conclusion, the three generations of electrons, neutrinos, and quarks could arise from the three dimensions of space, and their increased mass from the increased interference this produces.