In Table 4.1, electrons, quarks, and neutrinos have family generations, each like the last but heavier. An electron has a muon elder brother of the same charge but two hundred times heavier, and a tau eldest brother that is three and a half thousand times heavier. Up and down quarks also have heavier charm and strange quarks, and massive top and bottom quarks, but after three generations, no more. The standard model describes these generations but doesn’t explain:
1. Why do family generations occur?
2. Why are there only three generations, then no more?
3. Why are higher generations so heavy?
In contrast, the matter structures proposed explain why family generations occur. If an electron fills the channels of one axis, a muon could be the same on two axes, and a taon on three (Figure 4.26). All are still point entities, and no more generations occur because space only has three dimensions.
Why then are muons and taons so heavy? The photons of an electron fill the channels of an axis on two quantum dimensions, as light can polarize in two orthogonal ways. Adding another collision at right angles is the same so the photons of a muon compete for channels, giving interference that increases its mass. A taon as three photon sets colliding on three axes at right angles causes even more interference, so it is massive because interference can cumulate, just as one traffic delay can cause another. In this family, each adds more interference so it is heavier than the last, and there are only three members because space has three dimensions.
Yet if a muon is an electron collision doubled, why doesn’t it have a minus two charge? It does, but we can only measure charge one axis at a time, and after each measurement the system resets. On any one axis, a muon’s charge is minus one because the other remainder is in an orthogonal dimension. In a processing model, the three family generations of electrons reflect the three dimensions of space, and neutrinos will be the same.
For quarks, the case is more complex, as their photons collide in a plane not an axis, so one can’t just repeat their structure in three dimensions. However, the planar triangles up two up quarks could form two sides of a pyramid, to give a charm quark of the same charge but more mass by interference. Two down quarks could do likewise for a strange quark pyramid. Top and bottom quarks could then fill three sides of a pyramid, to occupy all the channels of a point, with more interference and hence mass.
In conclusion, the three generations of electrons, neutrinos, and quarks could arise from the three dimensions of space, and their increased mass from the increased interference this produces.