In current physics, charge is what causes electrical effects and electrical effects are those caused by charge, a circular definition that doesn’t tell us much. Charge is just accepted, as mass is, so no attempt is made to explain why it exists, but reverse engineering bases everything on processing.
In Figure 4.3, extreme photons collide at a point to give an electron whose mass is the net processing that repeats, so there will be negative processing that never runs, as shown by the dotted lines. A network must keep its processing books in order, so it is reasonable that the charge of an electron is its constant processing deficit. If mass is the net processing that repeats, and charge is the processing left over, the charge of an electron will be negative, as it is. This definition fits the properties of charge, as a processing remainder can:
1. Be positive or negative, as charge is.
2. Cancel its opposite, as opposite charges do.
3. Have a constant value, as an electron’s charge is.
If mass is the net processing that runs before a network point overloads, and charge is the remainder that doesn’t run, an electron’s mass and charge come from the same operation. Charge is then a necessary byproduct of mass, so they relate in a way that the standard model doesn’t predict.